This phrase implies a negative quality of life, filled with struggle and discomfort. Homeless in the harsh winter, he led a dog's life.
Pro Tip 2/3
Avoid Literal Use
The phrase is not about a real dog's life, which can be quite pleasant; it's a metaphor. Working three jobs just to make ends meet is truly a dog's life.
Pro Tip 3/3
Idiomatic Expression
It's an idiom that may not translate literally in other languages; understand it as a set phrase. Ever since the accident, she's been living a dog's life, facing constant rehabilitation.