The phrase is used when items are officially sold to the highest bidder, often at a public event. Grandma's vintage jewelry is going to go on the block next Saturday.
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Figurative Use
It can be used metaphorically to indicate someone or something is being evaluated for change of ownership. After the scandal, the CEO's position went on the block.
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Economic Troubles
The phrase often indicates financial necessity or distress leading to the sale. The bankrupt company's assets will go on the block tomorrow.