The phrase often implies that the speaker expects something to be of high quality because of the cost. I paid good money for this laptop, so I expect it to last for years.
Pro Tip 2/3
Emotional Investment
Can denote frustration or disappointment if the outcome doesn't meet the expectations tied to the expenditure. We paid good money for this vacation, and the hotel is nothing like the pictures!
Pro Tip 3/3
Comparative Worth
Suggests that other options are cheaper, emphasizing the speaker's choice to opt for a pricier alternative. She paid good money for a designer dress when there were cheaper ones available.