This phrase is commonly used as an idiom, suggesting someone or something has a surprisingly far-reaching influence. Even abroad, I couldn't escape the long arm of my company's policies.
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Authority's Reach
It's often used to describe how the influence of authorities can extend far beyond expectations. She thought she was safe overseas, yet the long arm of the law reached her.
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Negative Connotation
Sometimes implies a negative feeling of being unable to avoid oversight or consequences. He tried to hide his income, but the long arm of the tax authority found him.