Use it to emphasize that an action or behavior occurs many times in a consistent manner. She won the championship time after time, never losing her focus.
Pro Tip 2/3
Persistence
It can imply persistence when someone continues doing something despite difficulties or failures. He applied time after time until he finally got the job.
Pro Tip 3/3
Exasperation
Sometimes used to express annoyance or exasperation about something that happens very often. Time after time, I've told you to close the door!