The phrase suggests a very intense level of hard work, often more than usual. During the harvest, the farm workers had to work like a Trojan.
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Cultural Origin
Trojans in mythology were known for their hard work during war; it's not related to modern-day Trojans. She studied like a Trojan to ace her exams, similar to the warriors' determination.
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Temporary Situation
Usually used for short, intense periods of work rather than a regular work style. To meet the deadline, he had to work like a Trojan all week.