Originally refers to the last unit in a military formation, protecting from behind. The general ordered the rearguard to hold the line while the rest retreated.
Pro Tip 2/3
Group Movement
Used to describe the group at the back in any organized movement or process. During the hike, the rearguard helped ensure no one was left behind.
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Not Literal
Doesn't always involve an actual army, can refer to any trailing part of a group. The slower students formed a rearguard, trailing the class on the field trip.