Paul Craig Roberts

I have argued that the Soviet story is one of the interaction of speculative excess or utopian aspirations with refractory reality.

American Economist

Primarily used to describe uncooperative actions or attitudes in people, especially when stubborn.

Behavioral Focus

'Refractory' usually implies a negative judgment and can suggest a need for discipline or correction.

Negative Connotation

In medical context, signals a serious situation where illnesses don't respond to standard treatments.

Medical Resistance

The term often introduces the discussion of alternative or experimental treatments.

Specialized Treatments

In physical sciences and engineering, it refers to materials that withstand very high temperatures.

Heat Resistance

Emphasizes the durability and resilience of materials against heat, not just short-term resistance.

Durability Aspect

 CAR T-cell therapy has also been tested now in adults with refractory lymphoma. This disease afflicts about 20,000 a year in the United States. The results were equally impressive and have been durable to date. And six months ago, the FDA approved the therapy of this advanced lymphoma with CAR T cells.

A "living drug" that...

 Meanwhile, potassium ion channels open, potassium rushes out of the nerve, and the membrane voltage returns to normal. Actually, overshooting it a bit. And during this overshoot, the nerve is resistant to further depolarization-it is refractory,