The phrase emphasizes a heavy moral responsibility, suggesting a very important or serious duty. As a judge, delivering justice is your bounden duty.
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Old-fashioned Tone
Using 'a/your bounden duty' can sound old-fashioned or formal. It's rarely used in casual conversation. You speak of a bounden duty, like a knight of old.
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Literary Use
This phrase is often used in literature, especially in historical or fantasy contexts, to evoke a traditional sense of honor. You have a bounden duty to your clan, to uphold its honor.