The phrase often conveys a strong sense of emotional disappointment or resentment. After the promotion went to his colleague, John truly felt hard done by.
Pro Tip 2/3
Not Formal
It's casual language, more suitable for informal conversations and less for formal writing. In a chat with a friend, you might say, 'I was hard done by when they ignored my idea.'
Pro Tip 3/3
British Usage
More common in British English than in American English, where different expressions might be used. She's feeling hard done by, as I've heard my British friends say.