This phrase often has a negative connotation, implying ingratitude or disloyalty. He criticized his mentor publicly, truly biting the hand that feeds him.
Pro Tip 2/3
Metaphorical Meaning
Understand that it's a metaphor about damaging relationships with a benefactor. By leaking company secrets, she's biting the hand that feeds her.
Pro Tip 3/3
Non-Literal
Remember, 'biting' and 'feeding' are not physical here but represent actions and support. Talking back to his supporters, he didn't realize he was biting the hand that feeds him.