In English, colors are often linked with emotions; green is associated with jealousy. When she got the promotion, I couldn't help feeling green with envy.
Pro Tip 2/3
Expression Strength
The phrase is used to emphasize very strong feelings of envy, not just mild jealousy. His lottery win had everyone in the office green with envy.
Pro Tip 3/3
Metaphorical Use
Remember that 'green with envy' is metaphorical and does not mean someone literally turns green. Every time she talks about her travels, I go green with envy.